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Five connected technology layers.

Sensing, data fusion, soldier wearables, command and control, and safety-first countermeasure interfaces — designed to work as one system.

Architecture Detection Wearables Countermeasure ARBEL

01 · System architecture

From sensor to safe decision.

Select a layer to see what it contains and the status of each part.

02 · Drone detection & awareness

Detecting and identifying aerial threats.

  1. Sensor observationSensors capture raw signals from the airspace.
  2. Object detectionSoftware finds something unusual in the data.
  3. ClassificationThe object is categorised, for example drone or unknown.
  4. Track associationDetections are linked into one moving track.
  5. Confidence assessmentThe system scores how certain it is.
  6. Command notificationTrack and confidence are sent to the command interface.

Detection range, accuracy and false-alarm behaviour are not specified and will be established through testing.

Drone Friendly 360° sensor zones Z1–Z8 · not to scale

03 · Sensor ecosystem

Multiple sensors. One shared picture.

Optical sensingCameras for visual detection
Acoustic / vibrationSound and vibration signatures
Radio-based linkCommunication between nodes and tags
Wearable sensor dataIdentity and status from tags

Common information layer

  • Centralised data processing
  • Time alignment
  • Fusion and tracking
  • One consistent record

Shared awareness picture

One view for command: tracks, personnel, status.

Sensor categories are candidates; specific hardware is not yet selected.

Soldier with candidate indicator locations
  • 1Fatigue / exhaustion
  • 2Rapid breathing
  • 3High pulse
  • 4Reduced focus, slow reactions
  • 5Muscle tremor
  • 6Motor difficulty

Photo: IWI. Indicator locations are illustrative candidates.

04 · Soldier wellbeing & fatigue

Fatigue-aware duty management.

  1. Wearable reads candidate indicatorsWhich ones can be measured reliably is still to be validated.
  2. Fatigue / stress assessedCompared with each soldier's own baseline.
  3. Alert to commanderThe duty manager is notified. No automatic penalty or action.
  4. Commander decidesRest, swap duty or adjust the task. The decision stays with a person.
  5. Roster & welfare record updatedThe duty change is logged for welfare follow-up.

Data stays minimal and access-restricted. Accuracy is not yet validated.

05 · ENGS sensor & tag integration

Extending proven wearable sensor technology.

ENGS builds wearable tags for dairy and agricultural monitoring. The concept adapts a comparable architecture so that each soldier's identity and status feed the command interface.

Documented

  • Wearable animal tag (Track a))) Cow)
  • Heat and health monitoring
  • SMS alerts, reports, mobile app
  • Multi-shed, real-time monitoring
  • Used in 30+ research centres

Proposed adaptation

  • Soldier-associated wearable
  • Unique identity association
  • Biometric & fatigue data
  • Status: linked, OK, rest advised
  • Radio link to command platform

Military use, tag specifications, radio range and interfaces to be confirmed with the technology provider. Reference: engs-dairy.com

ENGS leg tag fitted to a cow
ENGS leg tag (image: ENGS) — reference technology

06 · EMI-based countermeasure concept

Controlled decisions. Responsible operation.

The system points at a drone and neutralises it with electromagnetic interference — but only after a trained person authorises it.

01

Detection & confirmation

Track and confidence confirm an aerial object of concern.

Proposed
02

Operator-authorised decision

A trained human reviews the alert and decides whether to respond.

Proposed
03

Controlled countermeasure

An EMI-based response, applied in a controlled way.

To be validated
04

Safety & regulatory checks

Legal, safety and friendly-presence conditions are confirmed.

To be validated
05

Post-event report

Outcome and system status are recorded and sent to command.

Proposed
Alert receivedTrack + confidence
Confidence sufficient?
Friendly personnel clear?
Within authorised conditions?
Human authorisesExplicit decision
Controlled response
Any “no” → Safe hold: continue monitoring, no response
Every decision, hold and status change is logged

Frequencies, power, waveforms, antennas and effective range are not specified. Feasibility is still to be established.

ARBEL fire selector: Safe, ARBEL and Auto positions
Fire selector with ARBEL position (image: IWI)

07 · Introducing IWI ARBEL

The ARBEL computerised weapon system.

  • Computerised systemComputer-based platform inside the weapon
  • Electronic triggerUpgraded trigger mechanism with sensors
  • Movement monitoringMEMS-based sensing of movement and trigger status
  • Safe / ARBEL / AutoNew ARBEL position beside Safe and Auto
  • ARBEL firing modeManages release of follow-up shots
  • Integrated powerUp to ~50 h with safety on

Features per IWI brochure and website. The 2–3× hit-probability improvement is the manufacturer's claim.

Proposed integration · not a documented ARBEL feature

Locking the trigger to stop bidirectional shooting.

Using wearable identity data, the system would recognise friendly personnel in the line of fire — or an altercation between soldiers — and send a reversible hold request to the ARBEL trigger through an approved interface.

  1. 1Personnel identification
  2. 2Friendly-presence & conflict cues
  3. 3Safety-status assessment
  4. 4Hold request — never a bypass
  5. 5Authorised safety confirmation
Case AFriendly-fire risk: friendly personnel in the line of fire.
Case BAltercation or unsafe use between personnel.

Required before integration: IWI approval · feasibility review · independent testing · safety certification. Safe-failure and override rules must be defined.

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